===== Most formatting as per the original, with optimizations for readability. Bullets (¥ , Option/Alt 8) may not always translate correctly in non-Macintosh computers. Long dashes (Ñ , Option/Alt Shift - ) are replaced by double-dashes (--). The original is viewable in WriteNow 4.0. =====


                                  ZTerm
                               Version 0.9
                                08 Feb 92                                         
                                    by
                             David P. Alverson

The ZTerm program and this documentation are Copyright © 1989-92, David P. Alverson. It may not be distributed commercially without permission.
 
TelePort, TelePort/Bronze, TelePort/Silver, TelePort/Gold, PowerPort, PowerPort/Bronze, PowerPort/Silver, PowerPort/Gold, and GlobalFax are trademarks of Global Village Communication, Inc. Other trademarks referenced are property of their respected owners.

1.0    Introduction
    1.1    About ZTerm
ZTerm is a telecommunications program for the Macintosh. It features ZModem, YModem, XModem and CIS BPlus/Quick-B file transfers; VT100 & ANSI-BBS emulation, including colors; and an efficient scroll back buffer (the buffer size is limited by available memory). It uses a Phone List file to hold many dialing setups, including the phone number, port settings and many other settings. Each dial setup appears in the Dial menu for easy connection to all of the services you call. ZTerm is MultiFinder friendly. It supports 9-point and 12-point text and a resizable terminal window. 

    1.2    Terminal Emulation
The purpose of a terminal emulator is to connect your computer to another computer, either through a modem or through a direct connection. There are other cases in which the connection might be through something other than a modem, such as a PBX system in the work environment. When you use terminal emulation software on your Macintosh, your Macintosh acts like a video display terminal, displaying incoming information on the screen and sending characters you type to the other computer. In addition, most terminal emulators support file transfers, so you can send or receive files from the other computer with error recovery.

The most common uses of a terminal emulator are: 1) to connect to a bulletin board system (BBS) or on-line service to read messages and download files; 2) to connect to a mainframe or Unix system to do work; 3) to connect to another Macintosh or PC to exchange files with a friend.
    
    1.3    Support
You can obtain ZTerm support through Global Villages Customer Satisfaction department. Support is available via mail, voice (telephone), fax, AppleLink, America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy.

Mail: 	Global Village Communication
Customer Satisfaction
685-B East Middlefield Road
Mountain View, CA 94043
Voice:    (415) 390-8300
Fax:    (415) 390-8282
AppleLink:    GLOBALVILLAG
America Online:    GLOBALVILL
CompuServe:    75300,3473
Prodigy:    FMJM51A

    1.4    About the Author
David Alverson has been working with computers since the mid 1970s. David began Macintosh programming soon after Apple began marketing Macintoshes. He started out programming in BASIC, working on a disk sector editor, a hex resource editor, a disassembler, and making mods to MacTEP for his own use. He decided to write ZTerm because he spent a lot of time telecommunicating, but didnÕt really like the software that was available. Also, none at that time supported ZModem, which appeared to be the best thing to be using. 

David would like to thank some of the people who have helped with testing, bug reports and other helpful comments and suggestions: Verne Arase, Rick Dieringer, Ron Duritsch, Rob Elliot, Bill Johnson, Gary Johnston, Eric Larson, Steve Levinthal, Dave Platt, Gary Shell, Stephan Somogyi and many others. Thanks to the Cincinnati AppleSiders User Group and the Programmers SIG. The ZTerm icon was inspired by an icon from Kenroy Harrison. Thanks also to Chuck Forsberg, for designing a top-notch transfer protocol in ZModem. Finally, thanks to his wife, for her understanding and patience. To everyone else who has made useful comments and suggestions. 


2.0    Getting Started
    2.1    System Requirements
System requirements for using ZTerm are the same as those for using GlobalFax software. Refer to your TelePort fax/modem Users Guide for additional information.

    2.2    Installation
The ZTerm folder is installed at the top level of your hard disk when you install GlobalFax software using the installation disks. A sample ZPhoneList file is included in the ZTerm folder. If ZTerm does not find the ZPhoneList file in the folder in which the application is located, it will create a new phone list file.

    2.3    Setting Preferences
You can set all preferences using the commands in the Settings menu. Commands in the top half of the Settings menu are settings for each service. All the options in these dialog boxes are stored separately for each service. Commands in the lower half of the Settings menu are for preferences, which are global. Thus, when you set the Receive Folder, it will be the same for all services.

        2.3.1    General Preferences
To set ZTerm preferences, choose General Preferences from the Settings menu. The TEXT File Creator in the General Preferences dialog box determines how TEXT files created by ZTerm -- by capture, Save Selection, and so on -- are marked. Use the pop-up menu to select the text editor or word processor that you want to use to read text files. When you save a text file in ZTerm, it is marked "created" by the selected application. The creator code -- a four-character sequence that identifies an application program  -- is listed to the right. This affects the icon displayed for a text file created by ZTerm and also selects the application that should be opened if you double-click on the text file. You can also set the creator and file types used for unrecognized binary files. The normal values are ????/????.

Logging file transfers is enabled with the Log File Transfers option. You can enable a confirmation request before Quit, Hang Up, or Clear Buffer is performed. 

        2.3.2    Terminal Preferences
You can also set terminal preferences -- that is, options that determine how information is displayed on your Macintosh. Choose Terminal Preferences from the Settings menu. Change the font size if you like. The custom terminal fonts in ZTerm are in 9-point or 12-point; any other size will not look very good. If you have a 9-inch screen, you will probably want to use the 9-point font to be able to display a 24 by 80 terminal window. If you have a larger monitor, you may want to use 12-point, which is easier on the eyes.

You can also set the cursor to an underline or a block and indicate whether it blinks. The Hide Terminal Window in background option can be used to reduce screen clutter with MultiFinder or System 7. 

The Command Key pop-up menu lets you redefine how the Command key is used. Normal lets you select key equivalents for menu commands, such as Command-Q for Quit. Control lets you use the Command key to generate Control characters. Meta (8th bit) and Meta (ESC prefix) are useful with the EMACS editor on Unix machines. Option for Control, which only appears if your keyboard does not have a control key, is another way to get control characters. 

Selecting the Capture Text by line option causes the capture function to write out the current line of text when a line feed is performed; this strips out any escape sequences. If this option is not selected, all received characters (except LF) are written to a capture file. The Ignore Bell option tells ZTerm not to beep when a bell character is received. The duration of the break signal and Shift Break is set here, in 60ths of a second.

        2.3.3    Printer Preferences
Select printer preferences by choosing Printer Preferences from the Settings menu. Select the font and size used by Print Selection. You also turn off headers on the printout and set the margins used for printing. Note that the right margin value is not used.

        2.3.4    Modem Preferences
To set modem options, choose Modem Preferences from the Settings menu. In the Modem Preferences dialog box, select the port to which your modem or connection is attached. The Initialize string is sent to your modem when you start ZTerm, except when the default setup has no phone number -- that is, a direct connection. The string is also sent when you hold down the Option key while choosing Reset Terminal from the Misc menu. In many cases, you can leave this text box empty and ZTerm will work fine. However, if you use other communications software, it might leave your modem in a different configuration. For example, some software might set your modem to send "numeric result codes" rather than "verbal result codes". When most Hayes-compatible modems connect, the verbal result code is CONNECT 2400 (or some other speed); the numeric result would be 10 (or 1 or 5). ZTerm wants to see the verbal responses, so setting the modem to verbal result codes is a good thing to put in the initialization string.

The default initialization string for ZTerm is "ATE1V1^M". "AT" is used to get the modems attention for a command. E1 means turn on the "echoing of commands". V1 tells it to use verbal result codes. The ^M means Control-M, which is the same as pressing the Return key; this tells the modem that you are finished typing, and that it should process the command.

The DeInitialize string is similar to the Initialize string, but it is sent to the modem when you quit ZTerm. You can usually leave this text box blank, but you may want to use the DeInitialize string to disable something that you turned on with the Initialize string. For example, if your Initialize string turns on the auto answer feature of the modem, you may want to turn it off when you exit ZTerm.

The Dial Substitution strings can be used for things that could be common to several services. For example, you can set ¥1 to "*70," to disable call waiting. You can then put ¥1 in front of the phone number for a service, and it will dial the *70 first. The comma after the zero causes a one second pause in the dialing. You could also use one of the dial substitutions for your long distance numbers. You might usually set it to "1", so it will use your normal long distance carrier. However, if you want to try another, you could change the string to something like 10288, which will dial long distance using AT&T. 

The Dial timeout is the number of seconds ZTerm waits for a response from the modem after sending a dial command. A value of 60 is reasonable. You can select Pulse dialing by clicking the check box. The Hardware Hangup option is an faster way to tell a modem to hang up. The DTR line is only available on Mac Plus and later machines. Your modem cable must be wired correctly for this to work, and your modem must be set up correctly. Also, you canÕt use hardware handshaking and Hardware Hangup; they both use the same line. (Some have a switch to ignore the DTR line.)

        2.3.5    Color Preferences
Enable the use of color and make some color settings in the Color Preferences dialog box. Swap Black & White reverses the meaning of the escape sequences that set the foreground or background color to black or white. Opus likes to show colored text on a black background, which is the norm for the PC world. This option should make it more normal for the Macintosh world (white background). The Text and Background Default Colors are used when no ANSI sequence sets the colors to something else. The defaults are also used when you view text in the scroll back buffer.

        2.3.6    Folder Preferences
Use the Receive Folder command to select the folder into which the downloaded files will be saved. 

    2.4    Adding a New Service
This section describes the process for adding a dial entry. First, choose Directory from the Dial menu. The Dial Directory window appears. Click the New button. The Connection dialog box appears, with the service name and phone number blank. Enter the name for the service. This name will appear in the Dial Directory and the Dial menu, so you don't want a very long name. Enter the phone number for the service. 

Select the highest data rate that you know your modem and the service can handle. Choose 8 Data Bits and No Parity, unless you know that another format is required. The most common alternative is 7 Data Bits with either Even or Odd Parity. This option is more common on mainframes; almost all bulletin boards that run on personal computers accept 8 Data Bits, No Parity. Select 1 Stop Bit.

If you know the service does not echo what you type, click the Local Echo check box. Most BBSs (Bulletin Board Services) do echo what you type, so in most cases you can leave this option unselected. You can usually leave XOn/XOff selected because most services support it. If you have a TelePort/Silver or TelePort/Gold modem, click the Hardware Handshake check box. Click OK, and your new entry appears in the Dial Directory and the Dial menu.

Note: You can also access the Connection dialog box by selecting a service in the Dial Directory and choosing Connection from the Settings menu. 

    2.5    Setting Options for a New Service
The following sections describe how to set terminal, text pacing, file transfer, and ZModem options for a new service.

        2.5.1    Creating Terminal Settings for a Service
With the Dial Directory window open, select a service and click the Terminal button, which displays the Terminal Settings dialog box. The No Extended Chars option should be selected unless you know the service uses extended characters. Extended characters are usually generated with the Option key and include foreign characters and special symbols. Selecting Auto Line Feed causes a line feed when a Return is received. Line feeds are ignored when they directly follow a Return. Deselect the Auto Line Feed if the service is a Unix or DEC machine. 

If the service uses ANSI graphics, deselect the No extended Chars option and click the PC ANSI-BBS radio button. If the service is a Unix or DEC system, you will probably want to click the VT-100 radio button. If you use the VT100 keypad with this service, you should select that option. On many DEC systems, you will want to select the Send RUBOUT for Backspace/Delete option. Enabling Destructive Backspace causes the previous character to be erased when the backspace code is received.

Note: You can also access the Terminal Settings dialog box by choosing Terminal from the Settings menu.

With the the service still selected in the Dial Directory window, click the Set button. The settings you just made for this service will be loaded, and the window title will change to the name of the service to show you which settings are loaded. 

        2.5.2    Setting Text Pacing Options
To set text pacing options for the current service, which is indicated by the window name, choose Text Pacing from the Settings menu. The Text Pacing options are used when you are pasting to the modem or sending a text file. Wait for character echo will wait for the host to echo the character; there is a five second timeout. If wait for echo is not selected, ZTerm will use the Delay between Characters and Delay between Lines (which is used after a return is sent) options. If a Line Prompt Char is specified, the modem waits for that character to be received after sending a Return. You can set this to a prompt character that your host uses when it is ready for the next line of text.

Refer to "Uploading a Composed Message" in the "Terminal Functions" section for more information about these settings. 

        2.5.3    Setting Transfer Options
To set transfer options for the current service, choose Transfer Options from the Settings menu. The Default Options set the default send and receive protocols for a service. A file transfer protocol is the set of rules two computers use to transfer a file from one to the other. You can start receiving a file with the default protocol using Command-R, or you can send a file with the default send protocol with Command-S. 

If you know which protocols the service supports, you can select these immediately; if you don't, you can always set them later. Note that the B-Plus or Quick-B protocols used by CompuServe are not listed because a B-Plus transfer on CompuServe is started by the CompuServe host sending a special sequence. There is no menu in ZTerm to start a B-Plus transfer. If the service you are setting up is CompuServe, make sure you select the CIS B+/Quick-B Protocol option. 

For X/YModem Error Checking, the Try CRC, fallback to Checksum option is usually the best. Send CK for CRC-1K should be used for systems that use this popular XModem extension to allow the receiver to request 1k blocks (for example, Second Sight). Use Checksum Only could be used with systems that don't support XModem CRC error checking. For the Sent Filenames option, the safest choice is Remove funny characters. If the service is a BBS running on an MS-DOS computer, you will want to select MS-DOS (8.3) limits.

        2.5.4    Setting ZModem Options
If the service supports ZModem transfers, you may want to set the ZModem Options now. If the service is a Unix or Opus host, you can select one of these options by clicking the appropriate radio button. The Cmd to start receive at other end option lets you define the character sequence that is sent to the other system when you want to start sending file(s) to it using ZModem. For Opus it should be "uz^M". ZTerm sends this string when you start a ZModem file send.

You can also determine the SubPacket length for ZModem file sends. The sending system always makes this choice. The Auto option chooses a size, depending on the data rate. Window Limit can be used to enable ZModems sliding window mode when sending files; this can solve problems with buffer overruns. The value should be a multiple of 512; typical values are 2048 or 1024. When this field is blank, it does not use sliding window mode.

Select the Escape Ctrls option if any part of your transmission path has problems with control characters. ZModem always escapes ^P, ^Q, ^S, ^X and their high bit set counterparts. Escape controls causes it to escape all control characters.

    2.6    Calling the New Service
There are two ways to dial a service: you can choose it from the Dial menu, or you can select it in the Dialing Directory window and click the Dial button. ZTerm will display the Dialing status window, which displays the name of the service and its telephone number. If the number is busy, the status window displays either BUSY or NO CARRIER in the Response field. The Attempts field shows how many attempts were made at dialing the telephone number. ZTerm will keep trying until it connects successfully, or until you cancel the connection attempt by clicking the Cancel button or pressing the ESC key. When the modem does connect, the Dial status window disappears, and ZTerm displays the connect message in the terminal window.

    2.7    Downloading a File
When you want to download a file, you first must know which protocol is supported by the service and ZTerm. On most BBS's, you can get a list of the supported protocols by choosing the Download (or similar) command. XModem is supported by almost all BBS software. To download using the XModem protocol, you need to know the name that the BBS uses for the file; there will be one or more commands you can give the BBS to list the files available for downloading. The files are usually separated into different areas to make searching easier. You also need to know the command to start a download. Many BBSs use 'D' for download. Next, it will usually ask you what protocol to use. For this example, select XModem (or XModem-1k if available). It will also ask you what file you want to download.

Some systems may ask you additional questions -- for example, if you want to be automatically logged off when the transfer is complete. When all is ready, the BBS usually prints a message telling you that it is ready to start the download. Now you must tell ZTerm to start receiving the file. Pull down the File menu and choose XModem from the Receive files submenu. Note that, if the default receive protocol is set to XModem, you can just choose the Receive XModem command. ZTerm displays the file transfer status window, and the transfer should start in 5 to 10 seconds. If nothing has started after 30 seconds, something has probably gone wrong. In this case, you should click the Cancel button and try to start the download again.

If the BBS supports the ZModem protocol, you should use it instead of XModem because the downloading procedure is much simpler and faster. Tell the BBS you want to download, tell it to use ZModem, and give it the name of the file. The BBS sends a sequence causing ZTerm to automatically start receiving the file using the ZModem protocol. ZTerm displays the transfer status window, and the transfer begins.

Note that XModem and YModem require you to start the file transfer on the other computer first (by issuing the download command on the other computer) before choosing the appropriate ZTerm receive command. ZModem and the CompuServe BPlus and QuickB protocols only require you to tell the other computer to start sending the file. ZTerm can detect this and start receiving the file automatically. 

    2.8    Reviewing the Session
If you connect to a service that you have to pay for per minute, then you want to keep your time on the phone to a minimum. This would include the pay services (CompuServe and GEnie, and so on), as well as any BBS that you call long distance. If you are reading messages on this type of service, the best thing to do is to have messages you are interested in displayed, but donÕt read them while you are online. After you log out, you can scroll back in the buffer and read the messages at your own speed.

If you have an extended keyboard, you can use Home, End, Page Up and Page Down to move around in the scroll buffer. However, if the VT100 Keypad option is selected in the Terminal Settings dialog box, you will need to hold down the Shift (or Option) key when you use these keys. If you donÕt press Shift while the VT100 Keypad option is selected, a sequence of characters will be sent to the modem.

    2.9    Printing a Message
Suppose that, while you are reviewing the messages in the buffer, you see something that you would like to print. Select the text and choose Print Selection from the File menu. The standard Print dialog box appears. Click OK or Print to begin printing. If the selection includes PC graphics, you will have to make sure that you have the right font set in Print Options. To print PC graphics, you should set the print font to Terminal Font.


3.0    Terminal Functions
    3.1    Scroll Back Buffer
Using a scroll back buffer, you can look back at words that scroll by quickly on your screen. ZTerm saves lines that are pushed off the screen by a Line Feed or a Clear Screen command. ZTerm will not put more than two blank lines in a row in the buffer; this means if it receives a Clear Screen code and there are only two lines of information, you will NOT get 22 blank lines in the scroll back buffer. The buffer is stored in memory; when it fills up, ZTerm tries to allocate more memory for the buffer. If it cannot get more memory, ZTerm removes lines from the top of the buffer (that is, the oldest lines). The scroll back buffer does not store any character attributes, such as bold or colors; it stores only text.

You can scroll around in the buffer while data is coming in, while a file transfer is in progress, and when ZTerm is dialing. If you have an extended keyboard, you can use the Home, End, Page Up and Page Down keys to move around in the scroll buffer. However, if the VT100 Keypad option is selected in the Terminal Settings dialog box, you will need to hold down the Shift (or Option) key when you use these keys.

The Find command in the Edit menu allows you to search the scroll back buffer for a sequence of characters. Any changes to the search string resets the search position to the top of the buffer (the oldest line). Clicking in the terminal window sets the search position to the line in which you clicked. If you click the Find button again or use the Find Again command after you have found an occurrence, ZTerm will find the next occurrence. If your Macintosh beeps, the string could not be found.

When you select text in the scroll back buffer, you can cut, copy or clear it. You can also save it to a text file using the Save Selection command in the File menu, or append it to an existing text file using the Append to command. Choosing the Cut and Clear commands will not remove text from the last 24 lines because it is not in the scroll back buffer yet. If the Clipboard has text on it, choosing the Paste command starts sending the text as if you were typing it, using the options selected in Text Pacing dialog box. Command-Period cancels a Paste command.

    3.2    Appending a Selection to a File
When you choose the Append to command, ZTerm adds the selected text to the end of the file you select. It also changes the "last append file" to that file. The name of this file appears in the next menu. When you see another message you want to save, you can append it to this file by using this second append command (or use Command-Shift-N).

    3.3    Uploading a Composed Message
Many times when you want to post a message or a reply on a bulletin board, you might want to compose the message when you are offline. This is especially true if you are going to post the message on a service that charges per minute. So you type your message using your word processor or text editor and save it in TEXT format. Some editors always use TEXT format (like miniWriter, TeachText, McSink or QUED). Most word processors have their own file format that includes lots of formatting information in addition to the text, but most will let you save a file in a TEXT only format. Some give this option in the Save As dialog box; others have a separate menu command, such as MS Works, which has the Export command to save the file in a TEXT format.

When you choose the Send Text command and select a text file to send, ZTerm sends the text in the file as though you are typing it. When you are typing or sending a message to a service or BBS, you may need to press the Return key when you get near the right margin. Others automatically wrap text to the next line, just like most word processors do. When you are composing a message for a service without auto-wrap, you should break the lines yourself by pressing Return at the end of each line.

    3.4    Text Pacing
When you are sending a composed message using the Send Text command, ZTerm can send the text a lot faster than most people can type. Some services can't handle receiving the text at such a high rate and, as a result, could lose characters. In such cases, you need to use text pacing, which is a means to slow down the rate at which the text is sent.

To set text pacing options, choose Text Pacing from the Settings menu. The first option in Text Pacing Options dialog box is Wait for character echo; this is the slowest and most conservative option. When ZTerm sends a character from your text file, it will wait until that character is echoed back before it sends the next one. This option only works with services that echo what you type, and while most do, GEnie is one that does not. If you don't select the Wait for character echo option, you can use the remaining options to slow things down.
 
When you enter a character in the Line prompt char text box, ZTerm will wait until that character is received (after a line has been sent), before it starts sending the next line. The last two options in the Text Pacing Options dialog box let you set a delay after each character and after each line. The values are in sixtieths (1/60) of a second, so a value of 30 would be one half second. If you use a delay between characters, it should be small, for example, between 1 and 5. Typical values for the delay between lines would be between 10 and 60, but could go even higher.

If you do not select any of these options, ZTerm will send the text as fast as it can. Many BBSs run on personal computers that can accept this if the computer is handling only one line and is not doing any other processing. 

    3.5    Person-to-Person Modem Connection
There are times when you may want to connect to a friends Macintosh or PC -- usually to transfer some files. The easiest way is to do this is for one person to enable auto answer, and for the other person to call. For example, you could enable the auto answer feature in your modem and tell your friend to dial you through his/her modem. The modem command "ATS0=1" enables auto answer on most Hayes-compatible modems. This command tells the modem to set register zero to a value of 1. The zero register selects the number of rings before the modem answers the phone and tries to establish a connection. You can even add an entry to your dialing directory called "Auto Answer On" and set the phone number to "ATS0=1".

Note: For a person-to-person connection, you will probably want to enable Local Echo so you can see what you are typing. 

    3.6    Keyboard Buffer
The keyboard buffer is most useful for on-line conferences -- for example, on GEnie or CompuServe. Choosing the Keyboard Buffer command from the Edit menu displays a keyboard buffer window. You can type into this window and perform any editing. When you press the Return key, the contents of the buffer are sent out. If you have ever tried sending a message during a conference without a keyboard buffer, you know how confusing it can get. If other users send messages while you are typing your message, the characters of your message can get mixed in with the other messages and end up spread over several lines. With the Keyboard Buffer, you type your entire sentence locally, editing it as necessary, and send out the entire message when you press Return.


    3.7    Dialing Directory
ZTerm uses the ZPhoneList file to hold setups for the various services or BBSs that you like to call. Each setup appears in the Dial menu and in the Dialing Directory window. Each Dial setup saves all of the settings from the Settings menu above the dividing line, including options youve selected in the Connection, Terminal, Text Pacing Options, Transfer Options, and ZModem Options dialog boxes. The ZPhoneList file also contains some settings that apply to all setups. 

You can have multiple phone list files. If you open ZTerm, it will look for ZPhoneList in the same folder; if the ZPhoneList is not in the same folder, ZTerm will create a new ZPhoneList file. However, you can double-click on a phone list file, and ZTerm will use it. You can create different phone files by renaming or duplicating one that ZTerm has created.

Use the Dialing Directory window for all your phone list maintenance. Add a new service with the New button. Use the Delete button to remove a selected service. You can edit the connection settings by selecting the service and clicking the Connection button (or double-click on the service). You can rename an entry by changing the name in the Connection settings window. Click the Manual button to enter a number to dial without adding it as a new service. Click the Set button to load the settings of a selected service without dialing it.

    3.8    Queue Dialing
If there are several busy BBS's to which you would like to connect, you can mark them for Queue dialing, and ZTerm will call each one, round robin, until you connect to one (or cancel the dialing). You can mark or unmark setups in the Dial Directory by clicking the Mark and Unmark buttons, or by clicking in the leftmost column of an entry. You can also mark an entry by selecting a service in the Dial menu while holding down the Shift key. ZTerm automatically marks an entry when a dial attempt fails and unmarks an entry when a connection is made.

    3.9    ANSI Graphics
The emulation "PC ANSI-BBS" is called many things by many people. Two things make up this emulation: a font that is used by PC's, which include a lot of line and box drawing characters; and handling the escape sequences that most PC BBS's use. These sequences are basically the VT100 sequences based on the ANSI X3.64 specification, with additional sequences to change foreground and background colors. If any of the services you call are BBS's run on a PC, you should set the emulation for that BBS to PC ANSI-BBS in the Terminal Settings dialog box.

    3.10    Call Waiting
Call Waiting can cause problems with modem communication. The beep used by call waiting to indicate an incoming telephone call can really confuse the modem. You will probably receive some garbage characters, or the modem could hang up. Most modem users with call waiting disable this feature when making a modem call. If you have touch-tone service, dial *70, then the number. For rotary service, dial 1170, then the number. These codes are the most common, but your telephone company may use other codes to disable call waiting. 

You can also place this information in the Connection settings dialog box for a selected service. 


4.0    File Transfers
    4.1    X Y Z Modem
XModem, YModem and ZModem are names of file transfer protocols, which are a set of rules that two computers can use to send a file from one computer to the other. A protocol will usually provide error detection and correction by resending the portion that was received in error. XModem is the first public domain protocol developed for use with microcomputers and is one of the most widely supported. 

YModem is a variation of XModem that sends an additional block of information before the file is sent. This block zero contains the filename, size, and modification time and date. Because the filename is sent with the file data, files could be sent in batches, which is why this protocol is sometimes referred to as YModem-Batch.

YModem-G is a variation of YModem that is useful for direct connections to another computer or when using error correcting modems. The receiver does not send any ACK's, so the sender just sends the file as fast as it can. If an error is detected, the transfer is stopped. There is no error recovery.

The ZModem protocol was developed to "alleviate the throughput problems network customers were experiencing with XMODEM and Kermit file transfers." It overcomes many weaknesses of older protocols and adds several useful capabilities. 

    4.2    ZModem
The ZModem file transfer protocol includes the following features:

	*  Various options to let it operate efficiently in a wide range of communication environments. The most common mode is full streaming where there is no wait between blocks -- the receiver only talks when he has an error.
	*  The sequence that starts a file transmission can be detected by the receiving communication software, which can then trigger its receive routines. This is sometimes referred to as AutoDownload.
	*  Crash Recovery; that is, a file transfer that is interrupted by modem disconnection (or other reasons) can be restarted, and it will pick up where it left off. Note: if the Macintosh crashes or loses power during a transfer, you may not be able to restart the transfer because the partial file was not closed by ZTerm.
	*  All ZModem transfers are batch transfers; multiple files can be sent per transfer, and each file is sent with its filename, file size, and date of last modification.
	*  32 or 16 bit CRC's will error check all blocks -- data blocks and control messages.
	
To receive files using the ZModem protocol, just start downloading, and ZTerm will detect that it should start receiving files with ZModem. On the Opus BBS for example, to download the file "newfiles.txt" just type "dz newfiles.txt", and ZTerm will receive it.

For sending files using ZModem, ZTerm can send a command sequence to put the receiver in a "receive ZModem" mode. In the Settings menu, ZModem Options displays a dialog box that includes the command that is sent to put the other modem into ZModem receive mode. For Opus, this should be set to "uz" followed by a Return. When you choose Send ZModem, you first select which files to send. When you start the transfer, ZTerm sends the sequence from the ZModem Options, then the transfer begins.

    4.3    Binary File Type Detection
ZTerm can detect certain types of binary files and set the appropriate creator and type for the kind of file. ZTerm detects the type by either looking for a specific sequence of bytes at the start of the file (a signature) or by matching the end of the filename (e.g, the extension of an MS-DOS file). Refer to the ZTerm resources appendix for additional information.

    4.4    Text Detection and Conversion
When ZTerm is receiving a file, it inspects the first 128 bytes to determine if the incoming file should be treated as a text file. If all of these bytes are Macintosh-printable characters or typical text control characters (Return, Line Feed, Tab, and so on), then it is considered a text file. The file type is set to TEXT, and ZTerm performs an End of Line conversion. If the text has CR/LF at each line end, ZTerm filters out the LF. ZTerm currently does not filter any other control characters.

    4.5    Resume an Interrupted Download
If a download is interrupted by disconnection or cancelling action -- but not a power failure, as the file won't be closed properly -- it can restart where it was interrupted using ZModem. A partial file has the original filename with a bullet (¥) at the end. If you try to download a file, and a file with the same name plus a bullet at the end is already in the current receive folder, ZTerm will resume the download where it left off.
	
    4.6    MacBinary II
ZTerm supports the original MacBinary format for the complete transfer of Macintosh files and their additional file information. The MacBinary II standard (dated July 1987) is also supported. The file transfer status dialog box displays either 'MacBinary' or 'MacBinary II' when that format is being used.

    4.7    Performance Log
Each time you transfer a file with ZTerm, it places an entry in its performance log file. The file is named "ZTerm Xfer Log," and it is stored in the same directory as ZTerm. It is a standard TEXT file with tabs between each field, so it can be imported to many spreadsheets, databases, and so on. Since this file could grow large, you may want to periodically rename it. 

    4.8    Transfer Efficiency Calculations
All ZTerm timings use the Macintosh TickCount, which has a resolution of 1/60th of a second.

For receiving files using ZModem or YModem, the clock starts when "block zero" (the block with the filename and other information) is received. This block zero is not the same as the MacBinary header. For XModem file receives, the clock starts just before the initial NAK is sent. The clock stops when all file data is received, written, and the file is closed.

For sending files using ZModem or YModem, the clock starts after block zero is sent. For XModem, it starts when ZTerm starts waiting for the initial NAK. The clock stops on ZModem file sends when the ZRINIT response is received for the ZEOF message. For YModem and XModem, it stops when the ACK response is received for the EOT message.

The CPS figure (characters per second) is the total file bytes (does not include block zero) divided by seconds. The efficiency figure is CPS times 10 bits per data byte divided by BPS (bits per second, sometimes called baud rate).

Note for TelePort/Silver and TelePort/Gold users: The efficiency value may appear low if the terminal speed is higher than the modem connection speed.

    4.9    Compressed Files
The files available for downloading from BBS's and on-line services are almost always in a compressed format. There are several "archive" programs that can compress one or more files into an "archive file." In addition to reducing the time to transfer the file, it provides a means to make a package of several related files. 

Here are the file extensions for the common archive formats. A file extension (which is more common with non-Macintosh operating systems) appears at the end of the filename and provides some indication of the type of file.

    *  .cpt    Compactor format; use Compact Pro or Extractor
    *  .hqx    BinHex format; use BinHex 4.0, BinHex DA, any of the StuffIt applications, Compact Pro, or mcvert (for Unix)
    *  .sit    StuffIt format; use any of the StuffIt applications
    *  .sea    Self Extracting Archive; double-clicking on this should give you the uncompressed file
    *  .pit    PackIt format, not used much any more; use PackIt or any of the StuffIt applications
    *  .image    DiskCopy images of a floppy disk,  used for the System software on many services; see the DiskCopy application to translate these back onto disks
    *  .Z    Unix 'compress' files; uncompress with the Unix command 'uncompress' or on the Macintosh with MacCompress (available from sumex)
    *  .dd    DiskDoubler format; use DiskDoubler or DDExpand

    4.10    MultiFinder
ZTerm will operate in the background under MultiFinder or with System 7. Once a file transfer is started, you can move ZTerm into the background.

    4.11    CompuServe B-Plus and Quick-B
CompuServe has its own file transfer protocol that is very efficient. Quick-B was an interim protocol that was established while CompuServe developers finalized their current enhanced protocol, called B-Plus. When CompuServe asks you what protocol to use for downloading, you should select the B-Plus option. The QuickB option will also work well. There is no menu command to start a B-Plus transfer; CompuServe sends a sequence that starts the download. Note that you must enable this option in the Transfer Options Settings dialog box.

Note: If you are using an Opus BBS system, ask for a file listing, and see a file you would like to download, just hold down the Command key and double-click on the filename. ZTerm will send "dz," followed by the name that you double-clicked, then a Return. 


5.0    Scripting
A script is a sequence of commands. ZTerm scripts are stored in TEXT files, which you can create with a text editor or most word processors (you must save the file in a TEXT only format). You can run a script using the Run a Script command in the Macros menu, using a macro string, or automatically by the dialer when you connect to a service. If a macro string starts with ¨ (Option/Alt-R), followed by the name of a script file in the ZTerm directory, that script file will be run when you select that macro from the Macro menu or with Command-number keyboard shortcut. To stop a script that is running, hold down the Command key and press the period key.

    5.1    Logon Scripts
When ZTerm connects to a service, it looks for a text file with the same name as the service, with a ".zts" on the end. For GEnie, it looks for a file called "GEnie.zts" in the ZTerm folder. If ZTerm finds a file, it runs the script.

    *  String constants can use any form of quote: "one", 'two', "three", 'four'
    *  Control characters in a string constant are specified with the ^ (caret), followed by the letter; for example, "^M" is control-M, which is the Return character.

    5.2    Built-in Variables
	
    *  $Account    String in the connection dialog box
    *  $Password    String in connection dialog box
    *  $Service    Name of current service
    *  $Date    Date in the short format
    *  $Time    Time in hours, minutes, and seconds
    *  $Day, $dd    Day of month ($dd has zero fill)
    *  $mm    Month
    *  $year
    *  $yy    Low two digits of year
	
    5.3    Script Commands

    *  Beep
    *  Beep <duration> : if you are using the simple beep, you can give a duration
        >  Beep 4 ticks
    *  Close capture : close the capture file
    *  Display <string(s)> : display text in the terminal window
        >  Display "Connected at " $time
    *  Hangup : hang up the modem (same as the menu command)
    *  Open capture <capture filename> : start capturing data to a file
        >  Open capture "GEnie.log"
    *  Send <string(s)> : 
        >  Send "CIS^M" : send the string (^M is a return)
        >  Send $account "," $password "^M" : send multiple strings
    *  Wait <durations> : pause a specified amount of time
        >  Wait 2 seconds
        >  Wait 40 ticks : a tick on the Macintosh is 1/60 second (40 ticks is 2/3 second)
    *  Wait for quiet <duration> : wait for no incoming data for the specified time
        >  Wait for quiet 4 seconds
    *  Wait for prompt <string> : check for the given string when data stops
        >  Wait for prompt "Username:"
    *  Comments  these three forms make the rest of the line a comment:
        >  Ñ (Option/Alt Shift -) HyperCard-style comments
        >  # MPW style comments
        >  ; another comment character

    5.4    Example Script
	
# GEnie.zts - Simple logon script for GEnie
wait 2 seconds
# send hhh with short delay between them
send "h"
wait 10 ticks
send "h"
wait 10 ticks
send "h"
# wait for GEnie to prompt for your user ID
wait prompt "U#"
# send the account and password (from connection settings) with comma between them
# and a return (^M) at the end.
send $account "," $password "^M"
# send beep to wake up - you are logged in now
beep 5
display "Connected at" $time


6.0    Modem Commands
There are three places in ZTerm where you can enter a modem command: in the Intialize and DeInitialize text boxes in the Modem Preferences dialog box, and in the Pre-dial init text box in the Connection Settings dialog box. Use the Initialize and DeInitialize strings for any modem configuration when ZTerm starts and quits. Use the Pre-dial init string to make any modem configuration changes needed just for a particular service. In addition, you can manually type a modem command in the terminal window; this is a good way to try out modem commands or to make one-time changes.

For more information about AT commands, refer to your Users Guide and to the AT Command Reference for your modem.


7.0    Trouble Shooting
    *  Problem: can't talk to the modem.
    *  Things to check: Make sure the modem cable is connected to the port selected in the Modem Preferences. If the Transmit Data light on the modem does not blink when you type in ZTerm, you probably have a cable problem. Try typing ATH, then press Return; if the modem responds with OK on the next line, then you are talking to the modem.
	
    *  Problem: You get the message "NO DIAL TONE" when trying to dial.
    *  Possible causes: The modem is not connected to a phone line, or someone else is using the phone.

    *  Problem: During an XModem or YModem transfer, it keeps getting errors after 2176 or 17408 bytes.
    *  Possible cause: Something in the data path, such as a terminal server, is not passing on the XON or XOFF character. For X/YModem, all characters must be passed through. See if the terminal server has a binary mode.

    *  Problem: During a ZModem transfer, lots of errors occur after the first few blocks.
    *  Possible cause: A flow control problem with one of the machines. Try setting a window limit to see if that helps. If you are sending, go to the ZModem Options and enter 2048 for the Window Limit. If you are receiving from a Unix system using sz, try the command Òsz -w 2048 <filename>Ó.

    *  Problem: Modem hangs up during a download or when receiving lots of text.
    *  Fix: If you are using hardware handshaking, you need to configure your modem to ignore the DTR line.
	
    *  Problem: "Error:  -120 in WriteData" occurs when starting a download.
    *  Fix: ZTerm can't find the receive folder. Choose Receive Folder from the Settings menu and specify a folder in which downloaded files should be stored.


8.0    Menu Reference
    8.1    The Apple Menu
The Apple menu has information about ZTerm and any desk accessories currently available.
    *  About ZTerm:  This command displays a dialog box containing information about the application.

    8.2    The File Menu
    *  Start Capture:  Begins an ASCII capture that saves all received characters to a selected file. When capture is active, the menu command is Stop Capture.
    *  Send Text:  After you select a TEXT file, this command sends the characters of the file. The transmission is paced by options selected in the Text Pacing dialog box.
    *  Close Window:  Closes the front window.
    *  Receive File(s):  This command has a submenu for the various protocol receive options. XModem receive displays the standard Save dialog box in which you can select the filename and folder in which to save the received file. The other options all get a filename from the sender and store the file in the current receive folder (currently the same as the default folder).
        >  XModem  XModem is one of the most common transfer protocols for personal computers. The Transfer Options settings let you select the type of error checking (CRC or Checksum). ZTerms XModem will accept 1024 or 128 byte blocks; the sender selects the size of blocks.
        >  YModem  YModem is based on XModem, but the sending application also sends the filename, the size, and the date of the file. This protocol is often called YModem-Batch because many files can be sent in a batch.
        >  YModem-G  YModem-G is a variation of YModem that is meant for error free connections, such as a direct connection. There is no wait at the end of a block for the receiver to acknowledge. The receiver only signals if an error occurs, in which case the transfer is stopped. 
       >  ZModem  You generally will not need to choose this command because ZTerm detects the sender starting a ZModem transfer and automatically starts a ZModem receive; this is called AutoDownload. Files are stored in the current receive volume and folder. For example, if you are connected to an Opus BBS, you can type "dz stuffit.sit" and Opus starts the transfer. ZTerm can detect this and receives the file.
        >  (Default Receive)  The default receive option for the current setup. You should set the default to the standard method you use to receive files for each setup, then you can just choose this command (or use Command-R) to receive a file. The default can be set in the Transfer Options dialog box.
    *  Send File(s):  This command has a submenu containing the various protocol send-file options.
        >  XModem  Sends a file using the XModem protocol with 128 byte blocks. The receiving program determines whether CRC or checksum is used for error detection; ZTerm handles either.
        >  XModem-1K  Similar XModem, but uses 1024 byte blocks. Some communication software (including BBSs) mistakenly refer to this as YModem.
        >  YModem-128  Sends file(s) using the YModem protocol with 128 byte blocks. This option is not generally used. You probably want to use 1024 byte blocks whenever possible.
        >  YModem-1K  Sends file(s) using the YModem protocol with 1024 byte blocks. 
        >  ZModem  Sends file(s) using the ZModem protocol. After you select the files and click Start, ZTerm first sends the characters indicated in the ZModem Options dialog box. This is usually needed to get the other computer ready to receive files using the ZModem protocol. After these characters are sent, the transfer begins.
        >  (Default Send)  The default send option for the current setup. You should set the default to the usual method you use to send files for each setup, then you can just choose this command (or use Command-S) to send a file. You can set the default in the Transfer Options dialog box.
    *  Transfer Convert:  This command has a submenu from which you can select a file transfer conversion option. You can set the default conversion for each setup by holding the Command key while selecting the conversion option.
        >  Smart MacBinary  On receiving, MacBinary files and TEXT files are automatically detected and converted as necessary. All other files are received as binary. On sending, TEXT files are sent as text, files received as binary by ZTerm are sent as binary, and all other files are sent as MacBinary II. This is the best option if you will be sending a mix of MacBinary files and other files.
        >  Always MacBinary  This option is useful when you are connected to another Macintosh. All files are sent as MacBinary II, even text files. Receive uses the same detection of Text and MacBinary files used by Smart MacBinary.
        >  Binary Data  On receiving, all files are received as binary files with no conversion. On sending, all files are sent as binary, and only the data fork is sent. 
        >  Text  Receiving with this option is a little more lenient in its text detection than Smart MacBinary. On sending, the data fork of a file is sent with appropriate text conversion.
    *  Append to...:  Appends the selected text to a file you specify. It also remembers the file, so you can append additional text to the same file using the Append to command.
    *  Append to <last>:  Appends the selected text to the last file to which text was added for this service.
    *  Save Selection:  If there is a block of text selected in the scroll back buffer, this command displays the standard Save dialog box to save the selection to disk.
    *  Page Setup:  Displays the standard Page Setup dialog box, in which you can select the paper orientation and other options. Note that margins and the print font can be set with Printer Preferences in the Settings menu.
    *  Print Selection:  Sends the text selection to the printer.
    *  Quit:  Exits ZTerm. If the current setup has been changed, a dialog box appears in which you can confirm whether the setup should be saved.
		
    8.3    Edit Menu
    *  Undo:  This command is for use by desk accessories; it is not used by ZTerm.
    *  Cut:  Copies the selection to the Clipboard, then removes it from the scroll back buffer. 
    *  Copy:  Copies the selection to the Clipboard.
    *  Paste:  Starts sending the text on the Clipboard. This can be stopped by pressing Command-period.
    *  Clear:  Removes the selection from the scroll back buffer.
    *  Copy to Modem:  Copies the selection to the Clipboard, then pastes it to the modem.
    *  Select All:  Selects all text in the buffer and in the current screen.
    *  Keyboard Buffer:  Opens the Keyboard Buffer window. You can send information out the serial channel by entering text, then pressing Return.This is especially useful for on-line conferences.
    *  Find:  Searches the scroll back buffer. The search is case-insensitive; searching for MAC will find Mac and Macintosh. The line in which the match appears is selected. The search begins at the top of the buffer (the oldest line). Clicking the Find button again finds the next occurrence. If you change the find string, ZTerm resets the find position so that it starts again at the top of the buffer when you click Find again.
    *  Find Again:  Repeats the last search.
    *  Clear Scroll Buffer:  Clears all lines from the Scroll Back buffer. After you log off a service, review the buffer, and print or save any of the contents, you might want to clear the buffer before calling another service. Holding down the Shift key clears the current terminal screen. If the confirmation option is enabled, this command prompts you to make sure you want to clear the buffer.
    *  Save Lines Off Top:  When a check mark appears next to this command, ZTerm saves lines to the scroll buffer when they are scrolled off by a Line Feed or Clear Screen sequence. This command is usually selected, but there are a few situations in which you might want to deselect it.
		
    8.4    Dial Menu
    *  Directory:  Displays the Dialing Directory window, which lists all current services in your phone list. You can add, delete, or modify services in this window. When you click the Manual button, you are prompted for a number. ZTerm attempts to dial the number without adding it to your phone list.
    *  Save Setup:  Saves the current settings to the current service.
    *  Dial Marked:  Starts queued dialing of all marked entries in the Dial menu. If no entries are marked, ZTerm marks the current service and dials it. You can mark entries in the Dial Directory or hold down the Shift key and select the entry. An entry is automatically marked when a dial attempt returns a non-CONNECT response. Hold down Shift when you select this, and it marks all entries; hold down Shift-Option, and it unmarks all entries.
    *  Hang Up:  Hangs up the modem. An option in Modem Preferences lets you select hang up by pulsing the DTR line. Otherwise, it hangs up by sending the command mode escape (+++), followed by the hangup command (ATH0). This command prompts you to make sure you want to hang up if the confirmation option is enabled in General Preferences.
    *  (dial entries):  Selecting the name of a service changes the settings as they were saved for the service, then dials the phone number (if any) until a connection is made, or until the dialing is cancelled.
	
		If you hold down the Option key when you select a service, ZTerm loads the settings, but won't dial the phone number. If you hold down the Command key when you select a service, that service becomes the default, and the menu command is outlined. If you hold down the Shift key, the entry is marked (or unmarked) for queue dialing.

    8.5    Settings Menu
    *  Connection:  Displays the Connection dialog box. For more information about the contents of this dialog box, refer "Adding a New Service."
    *  Terminal:  Use the Terminal Settings dialog box to select various terminal emulation options. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Options for a New Service."
    *  Text Pacing:  These options are used for ASCII send and paste. 
    *  Transfer Options:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set the default send and receive protocols for a service. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Options for a New Service."
    *  ZModem Options:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set options for sending and receiving files using the ZModem protocol. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Options for a New Service."
    *  General Preferences:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set ZTerm preferences. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Preferences."
    *  Terminal Preferences:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set terminal preferences. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Preferences."
    *  Printer Preferences:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set printer preferences. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Preferences."
    *  Modem Preferences:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set modem preferences. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Preferences."
    *  Color:  Displays a dialog box in which you can set color preferences. For more information about these options, refer to "Setting Preferences."
    *  Receive Folder:  Select the folder for file transfers, where received files will be stored.

	8.6    Macros Menu
    *  Edit Macros:  Defines the string that is sent for each macro key (Command-1 thru Command-0) and the label for each macro. The labels are used in the lower portion of the Macro menu. Control characters can be entered with a ^ (caret) followed by the letter (^M for a return). If the string starts with ¨ (Option-R), followed by a filename, ZTerm will try to run the script file when you select the macro.
    *  Macro Sets:  Displays a dialog box in which you can create a new macro set, rename a set, delete a set, or select the set to be used by the current service. Each set holds 10 macros, each with a label that appears in the menu.
    *  Run a Script:  Lets you manually start running a script. Refer to the section on scripting for more information on scripts.
    *  (macros):  The labels of the current macro set are listed in the menu. Choosing a name sends the macro.

    8.7    Misc Menu
    *  Clear Screen:  Clears the screen.
    *  Send Break:  Sends a break signal. If the Shift key is down, it will use a different duration. The durations are set in the Terminal Preferences dialog box.
    *  Help:  Displays a dialog box of ZTerm basics.
    *  Support:  Displays a dialog box containing information about Global Village Customer Satisfaction.
    *  Reset Terminal:  Clears the screen, and resets many screen settings to a normal setting. If you hold down the Option key, it will also send the modem initialization string.
    *  Show Controls:  Displays control characters and escape sequences. Choosing this command does not affect what is already on the screen; it only affects the display of incoming characters. The characters of an escape sequence are displayed, but the function is not performed (except carriage return and line feed).
    *  Port Stats:  Displays some statistics about the maximum number of characters that have been waiting in the serial drivers input buffer.
    *  Purge Buffer:  Purges any characters in the serial input buffer until there is two seconds of no data. It times out after 20 seconds of purging. If you hold down Option, it writes out a file with the contents of the serial input buffer to help diagnose unusual problems.


9.0    Appendixes
    9.1    Key Sequences
This table displays the many command key equivalents you can use in ZTerm.

Cmd-A    Select All
Cmd-B    Send a BREAK
Cmd-Shift-B    Send a long BREAK
Cmd-C    Copy selection to Clipboard
Cmd-D    Open dialing directory
Cmd-Shift-D    Dial Marked services
Cmd-E    Edit Connection
Cmd-Shift-E    Toggle local echo
Cmd-F    Find
Cmd-G    Find Again
Cmd-H    Hang up
Cmd-K    Keyboard Buffer (for online conferences)
Cmd-L    Clear the scroll buffer
Cmd-Shift-L    Clear the screen and scroll buffer
Cmd-M    Copy selection to modem
Cmd-N    Append selection to file
Cmd-Shift-N    Append selection to last append file for this service
Cmd-P    Print Selection
Cmd-Q    Quit
Cmd-R    Receive file with default receive protocol for this service
Cmd-S    Send file(s) with the default send protocol for this service
Cmd-T    Terminal settings
Cmd-V    Paste to modem
Cmd-W    Close Window
Cmd-X    Cut the selection to the Clipboard
Cmd-Z    Undo (for desk accessories)

When the Dialing Directory window is in front:

Cmd-C    Edit connection settings
Cmd-D    Dial selected service
Cmd-M    Mark the selected service
Cmd-Shift-M    Mark all services
Cmd-N    Add a New service
Cmd-Q    Queue dial (Dial marked services)
Cmd-S    Change to settings for the selected service
Cmd-T    Terminal settings
Cmd-U    UnMark the selected service
Cmd-Shift-U    UnMark all services
Space or Down Arrow    Move highlight down
BackSpace or Up Arrow    Move highlight up
Shift-click    Toggle the mark for the service
Command-click    Make the service the startup default
Any letter    Move highlight to matching service name
Double-click    Edit connection settings on a service

    9.2    Keyboard Mapping
For all keyboards:

Cmd-Enter    send a break
Control-Space    NUL
Control-2    NUL
Control-4    ^/ (FS)
Control-5    ^] (GS)
Control-6    ^^ (RS)
Control-7    ^_ (US)

Extended keyboard:

F1    VT220 F6    esc[17~
F2    VT220 F7    esc[18~
F3    VT220 F8    esc[19~
F4    VT220 F9    esc[20~
F5    VT220 F10    esc[21~
F6    VT220 F11    esc[23~
F7    VT220 F12    esc[24~
F8    VT220 F13    esc[25~
F9    VT220 F14    esc[26~
F10    VT220 F15    esc[28~
F11    VT220 F16    esc[29~
F12    VT220 F17    esc[31~
F13    VT220 F18    esc[32~
F14    VT220 F19    esc[33~
F15    VT220 F20    esc[34~
Help    VT220 Find    esc[1~
Home    VT220 Ins here    esc[2~
Page Up    VT220 Remove    esc[3~
Del    VT220 Sel    esc[4~
End    VT220 Prev    esc[5~
Page Down    VT220 Next    esc[6~

10.0    Error and Other Messages
    10.1    During a File Transfer
        *  CRC Err, Checksum Err:  An error was encountered in the block of data and it must be resent.
        *  Got sector header xxx:  An invalid character was received instead of the start of block character.
        *  Hdr CRC error, @ xxxx:  An error occurred in the ZModem block header; xxxx is the current position in the received file.
        *  Data CRC error, @ xxxx:  An error occurred in the ZModem data block; xxxx is the current position in the received file.
        *  No ACK on EOT:  The receiver did not acknowledge the end of file message.
        *  Timeout on sector ACK:  No acknowledge was received for the block in the allotted time.
        *  NAK on sector:  The receiver got an error in the block and requests retransmission.
        *  Got burst for sector ACK:  When waiting for the sector acknowledge, several characters were received (perhaps from line noise).
        *  No ACK, got a xxx:  when waiting for acknowledge, the character xxx was received.
        *  Got ZRPOS = xxxx:  The receiver got an error and requests retransmission starting at file offset xxxx.


11.0    Resources
ZTerm does not save any of its settings in the ZTerm file. All settings are stored in the ZPhoneList file. You can lock the ZTerm application for some protection against viruses.

    11.1    Binary File Type Detection
When a file is received that is not in MacBinary format and is not text, ZTerm tries to determine if it is a known type. If it is, ZTerm sets the appropriate creator and type; this is especially helpful if you are transferring files from other computer systems.

There is a resource that contains file creator and types with identifying information. If you are handy with ResEdit, you can add additional types to this resource. The resource is STR# 335. Each string in the list is one binary type detector. There are currently two types of detectors. Type 0 looks for a signature, which is a sequence of bytes at the start of the file. Type 1 looks at the end of the filename; for example, the extension if its coming from MS-DOS. Type 0 is the preferred kind, but some binary files do not have a signature.

Each detector string begins with the detector type (0 or 1), followed by the four-character creator, and then the four-character file type. Type 0 then follows with the signature bytes (any length). You should try to keep the signatures between two and eight bytes. Type 1 follows with the characters to match at the end of the filename (case-insensitive). Some examples:

    For GIF files:    0BozoGIFfGIF8
    For ARC files:    1arc*mArc.ARC
	
The first example sets binary files that start with GIF8 to creator "Bozo" and type "GIFf". The second example sets binary files with names ending in ".ARC" to creator "arc*" and type of "mArc". This is for ArcMac from DogStar Software.

The current detectors handle GIF, ZIP, ARC, ZOO and some Lotus, Excel,and Word file types. There are many more binary file types that you might need to transfer to your Macintosh from other machines. 

The default binary file type is normally a creator and type of '????'. This is used if the file does not match any of the binary type detectors. You can change this in the General Preferences dialog box.

    11.2    Sending Files as Binary
There is also a list of file types that should be uploaded as binary files. This list is in STR# 330. Each string in the list is a four-character file type. The current list includes GIF, ZIP, ARC, ???? and zBIN files. TEXT files that have binary data in the first 128 bytes are also sent as binary.

    11.3    Sounds
ZTerm can now play a sound for some events that occur while you are using it. If sounds are available, it plays a sound when you connect to a service, when a file transfer completes, or when the BELL character is received. These sounds are optional. If the sound with the right name is not available, it uses the system beep. It looks for the sound by its name. The names it looks for are 'connect', 'filedone', and 'termbell'. 

Note: ZTerm plays the sounds using the Sound Manager, which is in System 4.1 and later. Three sound files for System 7 are included in the ZTerm folder. You can also use some other sounds. 


12.0    Glossary
    *  ANSI:  American National Standards Institute.
    *  ASCII:  American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which defines the character codes for letters, numbers, punctuation and control characters. Defined in ANSI X3.4-1986.
    *  Break:  A signal to the remote system, usually to interrupt a process.
    *  Bulletin Board System (BBS):  A system, often run on a personal computer, that users can call to exchange messages and files.
    *  Checksum:  A method of verifying the integrity of data (not as good as CRC).
    *  CRC:  Cyclical Redundancy Check, used to verify the integrity of data.
    *  Data bits:  The number of bits used to make up a character.
    *  Flow Control:  A mechanism for the receiver of data to signal the sender to suspend transmission when the receiver cannot handle more data. Typically, the receiver has buffers to hold received data and if the buffers get nearly full, it will signal the sender to stop while it catches up on processing the data in the buffer.
    *  Hardware Handshake:  A method of flow control using two control lines, usually Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS).
    *  MacBinary:  A file format that allows Macintosh files to be stored on non-Macintosh computers. The MacBinary format includes a 128 byte header that contains the full Macintosh filename, the file creator and type codes, and other directory information. When you download a file in MacBinary format, ZTerm will automatically convert it to the normal Macintosh format (unless Transfer Convert is set to Binary Data).
    *  MNP:  Microcom Networking Protocol, a suite of compression and error correction protocols designed by Microcom. MNP 5 is a data compression protocol. MNP 2 to 4 are error correction protocols.
    *  Parity:  A method of checking the integrity of each transmitted character.
    *  Protocol, File Transfer:  A set of rules that two computers can use to send a file from one computer to the other. A protocol will usually provide error detection and correction, by re-sending the portion that was received in error.
    *  Stop Bits:  Bit(s) used to mark the end of a character during transmission. One stop bit is the most common setting. More than one stop bit was used in days past to slow down transmission for mechanical terminals.

                  ===== ZTerm 0.9 Manual End of Document =====